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200-309 - Administration of Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange - Dump Information
Vendor | : | Symantec |
Exam Code | : | 200-309 |
Exam Name | : | Administration of Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange |
Questions and Answers | : | 97 Q & A |
Updated On | : | December 8, 2017 |
PDF Download Mirror | : | 200-309 Brain Dump |
Get Full Version | : | Pass4sure 200-309 Full Version |
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Reference:
QUESTION 87
When using a fault-tolerant Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange (EV 9) environment, what is required on every EV 9 server?
- Admin service and Web Access Application
- Admin service and Indexing service
- Directory Service and Storage service
- Directory Service and Web Access Application
Correct Answer: D
Reference: QUESTION 88
A
Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange administrator performs a "Run
Now" against a single mailbox in Archiving and Shortcut Processing mode.
How can the administrator determine whether the run has completed?
- monitor the Reports folder for the archiving report
- monitor MSMQ queues
- monitor the Enterprise Vault Event Log for the completion event
- monitor the CPU usage for ArchiveTask.exe using task manager
Correct Answer: B
Reference: QUESTION 89
A
company is running Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange (EV 9)
using thin provisioning on the disk drives that hold Index locations.
The low disk space indicator for the Index drive is causing EV 9
archiving to stop when the threshold has been reached. The administrator
needs to change the EV 9 configuration so that it stops displaying
alerts for low disk space on the Index drive. Which EV 9 service should
the administrator modify to stop reporting the disk space?
- Index service
- Storage service
- Admin service
- Directory service
Correct Answer: C
Reference: QUESTION 90
A
large organization is Journaling from Exchange 2010. They receive an
alert that a journal mailbox targeted by Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for
Exchange has a backlog of 300,000 items. An administrator notices that
the
backup procedures have been failing and the system was left in backup
mode for the weekend. After taking the system out of backup mode, the
administrator restarts the Journal Task but the items still remain in
the journal mailbox. What should the administrator do?
- purge the MSMQ journal queues and restart the task
- wait for the Journal Task to fully scan the mailbox, it may take some time to start processing
- create a new journal mailbox and move items from the backlogged mailbox in chunks
- save the contents of the journal mailbox to a PST and use the Import PST Wizard
Correct Answer: B
Reference: QUESTION 91
An
organization has deployed Virtual Vault to allow end users to access
their archive from Outlook without using shortcuts. After items are
archived, one user reports that recently archived items are missing from
Virtual Vault. What is a likely cause of this issue?
- The cache location on the Enterprise Vault server is full.
- The user has disabled Exchange cached mode in Outlook.
- Content Cache synchronization needs to complete.
- Metadata Cache synchronization needs to complete.
Correct Answer: D
Reference: QUESTION 92
Users are unable to access archived email. After checking the Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange (EV
9)
server, the administrator notices that all EV 9 services are stopped.
Which two can cause the EV 9 services to stop? (Select two.)
- The license has expired.
- Too many errors are encountered in a short period of time.
- There is insufficient free space on the system disk.
- The Enterprise Vault log is full.
- An incompatible version of Outlook is installed.
Correct Answer: BC
Reference: QUESTION 93
A
customer is installing Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange (EV 9)
in an environment with a Windows 2008 Domain Controller. What must the
customer do?
- create a new registry key to remove NSPI connection limits so that EV 9 archiving tasks do not fail
- upgrade their Internet Information Services (IIS) to version 7.0 so that delegate access to features can be 10controlled
- downgrade their Internet Protocol version to 4 (IPv4) so that Outlook Web Access can run more efficiently
- set the registry key called 'EVEventlogFull' to 0 to remove log limits
Correct Answer: A
Reference: QUESTION 94
Refer to the exhibit.
A
customer environment consists of three geographically dispersed sites.
In each site a local Exchange Server is deployed. Bandwidth is more than
adequate between the London headquarters and the second site in
Helsinki, but between the London headquarters and the third site in
Dublin, bandwidth is constrained. The amount of data to be archived in
the second site is minimal, but the third site has several terabytes of
PST files. Which Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange architecture
should be proposed?
Exhibit:
- centralized
- decentralized
- federated
- hybrid
Correct Answer: D
Reference: QUESTION 95
According
to Symantec best practices, what is the first step the administrator
should take when attempting to fix a failed or offline index volume?
- Update an Index
- Repair an Index
- Rebuild Index
- Reconcile Index
Correct Answer: A
Reference: QUESTION 96
According
to Enterprise Vault indexing best practices, one of two configuration
steps should be performed when index volumes are stored on a Network
Attached Storage (NAS) device or on a remote windows share. What are the
two configuration steps? (Select two.)
- disable Opportunistic locks from being granted through the remote server's registry or on the NAS device
- disable Opportunistic locks from being requested through the vault server's registry
- disable Opportunistic locks on the vault server through adsiedit.exe
- enable Opportunistic locks to be requested through the remote server's registry
- enable Opportunistic locks to be granted through the vault server's registry
Correct Answer: AB
Reference: QUESTION 97
An
organization requires that Exchange email be archived. They need to
provide users with the ability to search archived mail content and
attachments while using the least amount of space.
How is this accomplished?
- Indexing level must be set to Medium.
- A Vault Store must be configured with Medium indexing.
- A Vault Store must be configured with Full indexing.
- Indexing level must be set to Brief.
Correct Answer: A
R Bettnce:
Symantec 200-309 Exam (Administration of Symantec Enterprise Vault 9 for Exchange) Detailed Information
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FAQ
What is the Symantec Certification Program?
The Symantec Certification Program provides rigorous, objective assessments of Symantec technical expertise through securely proctored, computer-based, multiple-choice exams (based on real-world job tasks). The program validates the skills and technical competencies necessary for Symantec professionals to efficiently implement, administer, and maintain their data protection, high availability, and security environments utilizing Symantec solutions.
Successful completion of the programs’ current requirements will result in the achievement and reward of either a Symantec Certified Specialist (SCS) or Symantec Certified Professional (SCP) certificate.
Who is the audience?
Symantec End Users, Customers, Employees, and Partners (optional). Although each product varies in complexity and depth, all certification exams are created specifically for customers and cover core elements measuring technical knowledge against factors such as installation, configuration, deployment, product management & administration, and day-to-day maintenance. While certification is optional for partners and employees, certification is not a requirement of the Symantec Partner Program and does not count toward program classification.
What is a Symantec Certified Specialist?
An End User, Customer, Employee, and/or Partner who has proven technical knowledge and competency by becoming Symantec certified based on their specific area of expertise with Symantec products.
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Is the Symantec Certification Program available worldwide?
Yes, it is a global certification program for IT professionals working with Symantec solutions worldwide.
What certifications are currently available?
Symantec offers Symantec Certified Specialist (SCS) and Symantec Certified Professional (SCP) certifications covering several different products and solutions by product versions. See more information on the currently available certifications.
Where can I find the individual certification requirements for each certification?
Certification requirements, sample exams, exam objectives, recommended training and registration is available for each certification and corresponding exam. Please click here for more information on Available Certifications.
What is the benefit of becoming Symantec Certified?
Symantec certified candidates and their companies have the ability to gain industry recognition, competitive differentiation, greater productivity & results, increased user community satisfaction, and a tangible measure of their education investment.
Did you know that 76% of candidates and recruiters verified that Symantec Certification was discussed as part of the hiring process? Certification can open the door to increased visibility, better opportunities and new jobs in your industry. In today’s highly competitive environment, certification differentiates you as a professional who is serious about applied learning, making you an asset to a prospective employer. Read about the benefits of Certification for an Individual and Employer.
Does Symantec End User Certification count toward Partner Program requirements and benefits?
End user certification does NOT count toward Partner Program requirements. To learn more view this FAQ sheet (PDF).
Is my Clearwell certification still valid?
See below for details to learn about the acquisition of Clearwell:
Customers
Partners
Is my PGP certification still valid?
See below for details to learn about the legacy acquisition of PGP:
Customers
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Exams
How and where are the exams administered?
Are exams published on the same schedule worldwide?
How do I register and pay for a Symantec certification exam?
How much does it cost to take an exam?
What is the format of the exams?
How much time is allowed to take an exam?
How will I be notified that I have passed an exam?
How will Symantec be notified that I have passed an exam?
What score must I achieve to pass an exam?
Who sees my exam score(s)?
If I do not pass an exam, can I find out which questions I got wrong?
How many times can I take an exam, is there a waiting period, and is there a cost to retake an exam?
How can I find out what topics an exam will cover?
Are the exams based on current Symantec product versions?
How do I know what software release version an exam covers?
Are practice or sample exams available?
Why does Symantec list a range of questions for exams?
How are the exams developed?
How are passing scores established?
Certification
Training and Education
The exams are computer-based and delivered at Pearson VUE testing centers. Pearson VUE provides computer-based testing for information technology, academic, government and professional testing programs around the world. Pearson VUE provides a full suite of services from test development to data management, and delivers exams through the world’s most comprehensive and secure network of Test Center Locations in 175 countries. Pearson VUE is a business of Pearson (NYSE: PSO; LSE: PSON), the international media company, whose businesses include the Financial Times Group, Pearson Education and the Penguin Group.
Are exams published on the same schedule worldwide?
Exams will be available on the same schedule worldwide in English at Pearson VUE. Translations will be determined on a country-by-country basis.
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To register for a Symantec certification exam, login or create a Symantec CertTracker account. Exam fees are payable by credit card or by voucher. View the step-by-step instructions on how to register.
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How much does it cost to take an exam?
The fee for a standard released Certification exam is $225 USD (or your country’s currency equivalent).
Symantec reserves the right to change exam fees at any time. Always check Pearson’s website to verify exams costs, schedules, and locations.
What is the format of the exams?
Exams are delivered in multiple-choice format, with each having approximately 65-100 questions. It’s common for the exams to contain exhibits/graphics. Exhibits/graphics are shown directly above the question.
How much time is allowed to take an exam?
Allotted exam time varies by exam length. It typically takes one minute to complete each exam question.
How will I be notified that I have passed an exam?
Pearson VUE provides you with instant results at the completion of your exam. A score report will be printed and given to you before you leave the testing center. Candidates are also able to view exam progress by logging into CertTracker.
How will Symantec be notified that I have passed an exam?
Symantec receives candidate exam results daily via file transfers from Pearson VUE to CertTracker Be sure you keep your personal information in your CertTracker profile up-to-date so that you receive proper credit for exams passed and certifications earned.
What score must I achieve to pass an exam?
Passing scores vary by exam. For more information on specific certifications in each category, please see the certification exam details within your selected product solution training path.
Who sees my exam score(s)?
You, Symantec, and your company (if you designate).
If I do not pass an exam, can I find out which questions I got wrong?
No. Symantec maintains this policy to ensure security over the exam questions.
How many times can I take an exam, is there a waiting period, and is there a cost to retake an exam?
If you do not pass an exam on your first attempt, you must wait at least 3 days (72 hours) before a second attempt. If you do not pass an exam on your second attempt, then you must wait at least 2 weeks (14 days) between each additional attempt. If you need to retake an exam that you have already passed in order to fulfill a certification track requirement, you may do so after 3 months. The same cost applies whether you take an exam once or many times.
How can I find out what topics an exam will cover?
Certification requirements, sample exams, exam objectives, recommended training and registration is available for each certification and corresponding exam. For more information on specific certifications in each category, please see the certification exam details within your selected product solution training path.
Are the exams based on current Symantec product versions?
Exams are developed for the current version of the Symantec product release at the time of development. Exams may be updated after significant new versions are released. New exams may not always correspond to the software release schedule.
How do I know what software release version an exam covers?
For more information on specific certifications in each category, please see the certification exam details within your selected product solution training path.
Are practice or sample exams available?
Sample exams are available. Each sample exam consists of multiple-choice items. Some items may have a supporting exhibit which you will be directed to view before answering the item. The sample exams are not timed, however, you should attempt to complete them as quickly as you can. Certification requirements, sample exams, exam objectives, study guides, recommended training, and registration is available for each certification and corresponding exam. For more information on specific certifications in each category, please see the certification exam details within your selected product solution training path.
Why does Symantec list a range of questions for exams?
Symantec regularly conducts statistical analyses of certification exam results for exam maintenance purposes. In doing so, Symantec publishes a range of questions per exam to account for “unscored” questions. In order to ensure the value of the Symantec certification program, Symantec routinely updates exams with new questions on an unannounced basis. Those new questions are initially delivered as “unscored” so that Symantec can evaluate the performance in the field/on the released exam. The “unscored” questions do not count towards your passing score and additional time is already incorporated into the total exam duration to answer these questions.
Symantec also regularly updates exam questions where the actual number of questions per exam may vary from time to time as these unannounced updates occur.
How are the exams developed?
Symantec end users, both internally and in the field, are studied to define the job performance requirements. The results determine the minimum level of competence required for the defined job performance and is tested in the exams. Symantec follows industry standards for “high stakes” exam development.
How are passing scores established?
Although it is intuitive to think that an appropriate passing score for an examination should be 70 or 75 percent correct based on personal experiences taking classroom tests, these arbitrary values may not reflect the performance level expected of the “minimally qualified candidate” given the difficulty of the test. For example, if the examination is very easy, a passing score of 70 may be too low. However, if the examination is very difficult, this same value may be too high.
Establishing passing scores requires the application of systematic procedures that consider the defined performance level definition of the “minimally qualified candidate” and the difficulty of the examination. Before the final passing scores are established, they are evaluated to ensure that the available validity evidence supports their use for the intended purpose of distinguishing the “minimally qualified candidates” from those who are not yet qualified. This systematic method is used to establish and maintain the fairness, validity and reliability of exams.
In order to ensure the value of the Symantec certification program, Symantec routinely updates exams with new questions. In these cases the passing percentage could change per exam from time to time as these unannounced updates occur
Symantec 200-309
200-309 exam :: Article by ArticleForgeJOB/SCAN offers automated JCL administration to OS/390 and z/OS EnvironmentsIBM United StatesSoftware Announcement 202-122May 28, 2002 (Corrected on June 21, 2002)alterations were made to the Ordering tips and costs sections.
At a look JOB/SCAN permits clients to:
The product during this announcement is obtainable as a part of the IBM Developer income Channel utility Remarketing program. Product information has been offered by means of the software organization, varied utility methods, Inc.
Key necessities OS/390 or z/OS
Availability Date may 28, 2002
Description JOB/SCAN allows records processing specialists to take a pro-lively strategy towards solving JCL-linked issues. JOB/SCAN is used to prevent JCL mistakes before they become an issue, as adversarial to fixing blunders after they have happened.
In its function as a problem prevention tool, JOB/SCAN helps four primary JCL management activities:
JCL Validation JOB/SCAN read 200-309s an entire JCL job circulation, then:
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JCL alternate JOB/SCAN gives a good and constant formula of applying JCL alterations to a complete JCL library or a subset of library participants. it's a constructive device for conversions, corresponding to:
JCL Reformatter JOB/SCAN offers a simple to make use of JCL reformatting capability, which makes JCL less difficult to examine. It realigns JCL parameters in order that all JCL is formatted at all times.
emblems
z/OS and IMS are emblems of international business Machines supplier within the u.s. or other countries or both. OS/390 and DB2 are registered emblems of overseas enterprise Machines employer within the u.s. or different nations or each. different business, product, and repair names may well be emblems or carrier marks of others. Technical assistance simple trade: cross trade
Hardware necessities Processor Any S/390(R) or zSeries capable of aiding OS/390(R) or z/OS(TM) utility requirements operating system OS/390 or z/OS aid training and education: consumer working towards and education, custom-made and priced to every certain requirement, is purchasable in the course of the software organization.
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Packaging: The products are packaged on a 3480 cartridge with a full set of softcopy documentation. Media and documentation CD ship from the application business enterprise.
Ordering counsel New Licenses Orders for brand spanking new licenses will now be accepted and scheduled for cargo via the application enterprise. The different application techniques, Inc. Perpetual License contract have to be signed by way of the consumer and permitted by varied application methods, Inc. in advance of product shipment.
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examination 01 Key no first - I. (25 pts complete: 2.5 features each)...
Unformatted text
preview: I. (25 pts total: 2.5 features each) actual/False. Classify
each and every statement as true or False. No clarification is required.
A. An actual differential may also be written for any characteristic.
Faust “’ OnLg Que stale 5m B. a favorable Joule-Thomson coefficient
implies the predominant MS within the gas are desirable forces. “FM,
@EUk C. Isotherms derived from the most appropriate fuel legislation can
have inflection features (crucial features). Fag/$15 P~'/V W M? Mica?
pls, D. CV and Cp are in reality temperature dependent capabilities.
TFUUL E. The isothermal compression of a great gasoline is endothermic.
FM*W is mama be 890, F. The common state for thermodynamic table
information is at p = 1 atm and T: 25°C. Faisava P11bax+ MT, G. The
Joule-Thomson experiment is an isothermal process. web page — 0m 15mth
Wm H. Mechanical equilibrium happens when two objects have the equal
inner energy. Palm — sow P’WJAu/Lz. I. Supercritical C02 can be used to
decaffeinate coffee. [me J. Linde Refrigeration can be used to liquefy
any gas. FCdD—QF—Nbi H6 UL HZ Cv‘ 3R 2. (25 pts) Thermodynamic
Processes: 1 mole of a non-linear ideal gas undergoes the cyclic process
shown below: (35002.! d Cons. ' 4/“ —\- 4 / cm C ’T 1 H D b o _ D 100
200 309 480 500 600 K Tlin K) A. (24 pts) Complete the following table.
Report all answers in J. _ _. AU; nc, m M: ncr AT g v_v d_U gu @ ggv End
ofSteQa ‘1583113 rgv‘mkm“ 1,583.05 “moqu-Ll Q Cans? EndofSteQb
],l9(42.°l ~96?” 1.251.one hundred fifteen ngégpl @ (Luigi/Ci?
conclusion ofStch . three lg 255.31? a 1%“: " end ofSte d I 9 ‘ z“ 9
4094.: 2r 'TquJQ W W it: an OJA'JJVMOQ C->cl Uuzw irreversible /
é—flou we? W W lifluw stiblel ; B. (1 pt) The efliciency (s) of method can
also be defined as e = q‘“ I. Qapplied compute the efficiency of this
process. Q ~ (pawn: ' news + masssww . Use your outcomes from above to I
VC: W: ‘ 3. (25 pts) exact Differentials. Dr. Rowland has invented a
new state characteristic, the Rowland power (R), which can also be
considered as a characteristic of extent and pressure, it truly is R(V,
p)- A. (6 pts) supply the actual diflerential for R(V, p). 3R; (iiinciw (
35% AP B. (7 pts) Use your outcome from half A above to derive an
expression for (ii—T) . V C. (5 pts) follow Euler’s rule to R(V, p).
give the value of the derivative n) in phrases . 6v , . 0‘ I" R 7 of the
different two derivatives. 5/ 5 Vt (:0 S a gag 3M 22 ,\ ' (9v)P(9PR BR V
(av. , s. a!) 22.9 a? ’ aflpvaP v D. (7 pts) A gas is taken from
preliminary conditions p,- = 1 atm, V; = 10 L to final conditions . . .
an _ @= 10 atm, @ 0.5 L. Dr. Rowland has determmed that the derivative
(EL — 10.5 atm and the by-product (2—2) = 0.25 L for the gas beneath
these conditions. Assuming v n... nnnnnnnnnnn nnn and V, nnnnnnn nnn
.nnnn ofAR in .n. A9= (%indP * (35%)Pdv N1?— (0519,) 0am * 00.5
aimiLOSL—WL) m, a 411.5 Lan 4,3761 ,mfl :. four. (25 pts) Non-optimal
Equations of State. here equation of state will also be used to
mannequin non-premiere fuel conduct in the low power limit: _ nRT p _ (V
— nb) A. (5 pts) Derive an expression for the reversible, isothermal
work performed through this fuel. W = J U? cw Mr. Macaw WNW“ Pew; W603)
Ur CIA- ' B. (5 pts enve an expressron or ‘ '- . - ssure (nT) forthis
fuel. T : Tlé-iJV—P ' (gill = Eli.) “television “RT/m a2 C. (5 pts) the
usage of the expression you received for inner force above i expression
for the inside energy trade for this gasoline. You can also assu All:
(ecu/9T 2v AT)” WT dV I5 T-J‘nc). C V TT :Q I Au: nl—ékyyr D. (5 pts)
Derive an expression for the isothermal Joule coefficient (in) for this
equation of state. 2 V: Déj‘lvnb a: domestic) (21') or P D _M .— m 8T P
E. (5 pts) using the expression you acquired for the isothermal Joule
coefficient abov 'n part D, write an expression for the enthalpy trade
for this fuel. You may additionally assumé E; = @4115 ’T int), C” J“
(three%?)de (114:1ng . , CF ALT:HB(%AW [0039110 moles H20 l‘fig/mol 5.
(25 pts) Thermochemistry. The following chemical reaction describes the
conversion of 100 g of liquid water into water vapor. Chemical data can
be found in the Useful Information section. You ma treat the water va or
as an ideal as. H20“) 9 H20(g) A. (3 pts) AHW, for the reaction at T:
250C, p = 1 atm. Report in k]. Allan =EWW‘10‘three) ’ E998 “0:01er Allan
1 EZHLW— kl/mol " (435.33 ‘47me 5,556 moles Allan: QLWI 59 ‘53 B. (6
pts) AH,“ or e reaction . = 100C,p= 1 atm. document in k]. AH?Xn(TL) :-
£Tl ) 4. n “:3 h? A Hm (100°C) : 9W5 z a: l— (5550 Mo\)(.03%fifty eight
erUfi’ZQl my (flak) [Mm l 00°C 2 39?. IL m C. (6 pts) AUm, for the
reaction at T = 25°C, p = 1 atm. Report in H. You may assume the process
is carried out at constant pressure. m _ \ 00 g mum = Mm - pm/ Wow 5 F ‘
arms/ML All/am = QLILIBQZ M —-llo+vnlU3(oL"0-l003‘-) V mu (5
55b[o:§12(g% I57 ‘@ g—‘h—l : , ,0 : com/m to LL) 9°° “P” = u) ‘. . (5
pts) AH,Jm féfifié’ reaction at T: 250C,p = 0.5 atm. Report in k].
AWE—three': AH[P(\!+WN0n AW 04 m 03 #7 is i Mlosmfir = Mllm) 4 [9?qu
10'5m5~39§x lo'finfix l—OSa‘rmlx 101.3153, t W E. (5 pts The work
associated with this process at T= 25°C, p = 1 atm. Report in k]. W:
’PexJ: W: 4mm (legislation-0.10039 Co WJ l; kl 6. Bonus (+10 additional
elements). Calculating AH for a temperature-elegant warmth skill. The
molar heat capability may also be expressed as: C, = A + BT + Compute
AHom, for the reaction of 1200 g of graphite by means of C(gmphim) -)
C(diamond) at T= 3500C, p = 1 bar. MEMWJ abifimm + n 3‘" AC"? AT T5 I
main ('11,) a {l00ml){if3qs fly 100111415231; + 1331- Jr 9,191 4.1
AHEMTE‘J : {861,5 if) + immolgk'TYflsJY-‘r ABTZ (023,15 . germ; ‘ (mamas
1194(8qu g1; i. lgqqxi [£eleven A) constructive facts: For graphite A =
16.86 J okay" moi"; B = four.77e—3 J K4 moi"; C = -8.54e5 J ok mol'l.
For diamond A = 13.17 J k" moi"; B = 5.20e-three J okay-2 moi"; c =
-7.65e5 J k moi". A119,," at 25°C and 1 bar = 1.895 U moi“ 2 dx
I;=ln(x)+c 2 x2 x i4, ...View Full doc
standards ENFORCEMENT test reviews INDEX FOR 1974
Title:
requisites ENFORCEMENT examine studies INDEX FOR 1974
Accession quantity:
00093937
Availability:
country wide Technical tips carrier
5301 Shawnee RoadAlexandria, VA 22312 USAOrder number: PB-247971/5ST
summary:
The document is an index to standards Enforcement verify reviews of
the country wide dual carriageway traffic security Administration which
were released to the public right through calendar yr 1974. here is the
sixth in a series of indexes to the requirements Enforcement examine
stories of the NHTSA. the primary index covers the yr 1969 and is
out-of-print however accessible for examination within the
Administration; the second covers 1970 (PB-200 309), the third covers
1971 (PB-210 436), the fourth covers 1972 (PB-221 350), and the fifth
covers 1973.
Supplemental Notes:
See additionally file dated Jul seventy five, PB-246 316.
report/Paper Numbers:
DOT-HS-801-761
Contract Numbers:
DOT-HS-four-00864
corporate Authors:
Kappa systems, integrated
1501 Wilson BoulevardArlington, VA 22209 u . s . a .countrywide motorway site visitors defense Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 u . s .
publication Date:
1975-11
area Areas:
Highways; protection and Human factors; cars and machine
source agency:
country wide Technical suggestions service
5301 Shawnee RoadAlexandria, VA 22312 country
Created Date:
Mar 10 1976 12:00AMC11 Vs. Mak eight" for planetary observationsFor visual planetary observations, which it's more suitable between these?C11 (they are saying that he isn't a good deal superior, to the 9,25)C9,25Mak eight" f12 (obstruction important 34%)
A questionnaire method to measuring the relative reinforcing efficacy of snack meals consume Behav. creator manuscript; available in PMC 2010 Jun three.
posted in last edited kind as:
PMCID: PMC2880400
NIHMSID: NIHMS185139
school of medication and Biomedical Sciences, institution at Buffalo, united states
* Corresponding writer. department of Pediatrics, school of medication and Biomedical Sciences, university at Buffalo, Farber corridor, Room G56, 3435 main road, constructing #26, Buffalo, ny 14214-3000, u.s.. Tel.: +1 716 829 3400; fax: +1 716 829 3993
The publisher's closing edited version of this article is accessible at consume Behav See other articles in PMC that cite the posted article. abstract
Behavioral alternative concept and
laboratory alternative paradigms can supply a framework to have in mind
the reinforcing efficacy or reinforcing value of meals. Reinforcing
efficacy is measured in the laboratory by means of assessing how tons
effort one will engage in to benefit access to food because the volume
of labor gradually raises. besides the fact that children, this system
to establish demand curves as estimates of reinforcer efficacy is time
drinking and limits the variety of reinforcers that will also be tested.
The common intention of this analyze become to compare the reinforcing
efficacy of snack foods the usage of a behavioral assignment that
requires topics to respond to gain entry to portions of meals (LAB
project) with a questionnaire edition of a deciding to buy task designed
to investigate demand curves (QUES project) in nonobese and overweight
adults (n = 24). outcomes confirmed correlations between the maximal
amount of cash that people had been inclined to spend for meals (QUES
Omax) and the maximal volume of responses made on the highest
reinforcement schedule completed (LAB Omax) (r = 0.forty five, p <
0.05), and between BMI and the LAB Omax (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) and the
QUES Omax (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). The analyze suggests the
questionnaire gives legitimate measures of reinforcing efficacy that can
also be utilized in area of or in conjunction with traditional
laboratory paradigms to establish demand curves that describe the
behavioral preserving houses of meals.
key words: Reinforcement, eating, Behavioral economics
food is a magnificent reinforcer, and
developing a higher understanding of the incentive to consume could be
essential for the treatment or prevention of weight problems (Epstein,
Leddy, Temple, & faith, 2007). we now have proven in a sequence of
experiences that obese adults and youngsters are extra influenced to
work for palatable, favorite foods than leaner friends (Saelens &
Epstein, 1996; Temple, Legerski, Giacomelli, Salvy, & Epstein,
2008), and those high in meals reinforcement eat more food in an advert
libitum eating session than those that do not locate food as reinforcing
(Epstein et al., 2004).
Behavioral option conception and laboratory option paradigms
can give a framework to have in mind the reinforcing price or efficacy
of a food. Reinforcing efficacy or reinforcing cost is a theoretical
construct that may also be used to be aware the behavioral protecting
homes of a reinforcer (Bickel, Marsch, & Carroll, 2000; Griffiths,
Brady, & Bradford, 1979). contemporary research has advised that
reinforcing efficacy is not a static or homogenous assemble, but
somewhat a multidimensional or heterogeneous assemble, made out of
connected but distinctive features of reinforcement that will also be
understood inside the framework of behavioral financial demand curve
analysis (Bickel et al., 2000).
Reinforcing value has traditionally been measured via picking
out how a whole lot effort one will engage in to benefit entry to
meals, with the magnitude of the reinforcing cost proportional to the
volume of work during which the individual engages. This can also be
based the use of revolutionary ratio schedules of reinforcement by which
the participant is working best for access to food (Richardson &
Roberts, 1996) or in a concurrent schedules choice situation, wherein
members are working for food or a further alternative, or in some
situations, two different types of meals (Epstein & Saelens, 2000;
Epstein, Leddy et al., 2007).
previous experiences in our laboratory have assessed the
reinforcing value of meals the usage of a laboratory computing device
primarily based behavioral alternative paradigm. One expertise of the
use of a laboratory assignment is that it provides an objective measure
of how hard an individual is inclined to work to benefit entry to a
reinforcer. although, this formula is time consuming and boundaries the
number of reinforcers that can also be established. furthermore, and
perhaps most vital for the construction of a theoretical foundation for
realizing meals reinforcement, is that one session laboratory
revolutionary ratio tasks can not be used to set up demand curves.
during this formulation, topics are supplied entry to parts of food or
choice reinforcers if they meet the response necessities for that time
table. After obtaining a reinforcer, that time table progressively
increases until the person stops responding. several elegant measures
can be found, together with the schedule associated with the termination
of responding, or the breakpoint, the full variety of responses, and
the relative distribution of responses if the examine uses option
methodology. youngsters, it is not possible to verify demand curves, for
the reason that the variety of reinforcers which are required before
the agenda is increased is mounted. The equal paradigm can also be used
to establish demand curves if the test contains numerous sessions, with
each and every session committed to a selected schedule. it might even
be preferable to devote assorted rather than single sessions at a
schedule to be sure balance of responding earlier than relocating to the
next progressive ratio. This method will also be used to set up
components that alter reinforcer efficacy, however would no longer be
possible to use this to establish particular person transformations.
research on individual changes requires getting to know a large variety
of subjects, and it could be difficult to study 200-309 each discipline
for varied classes to establish individual variations in how influenced
they're to gain food to eat. The development of time effective and
flexible measures of reinforcing efficacy would be of colossal utility
in assessing the reinforcing price of multiple reinforcers all over one
analyze session and would noticeably decrease discipline burden.
there has been a questionnaire developed to measure the
reinforcing efficacy of medication (Griffiths, Rush, & Puhala, 1996)
that has been tailored to look at food reinforcement (Goldfield,
Epstein, Davidson, & Saad, 2005). This measure has been validated,
and confirmed to be effective in assessing particular person variations
in meals reinforcement that engage with dopamine genetics to foretell
power intake (Epstein et al., 2004). although, this measure provides a
measure of breakpoint, but can't be used to set up demand curves.
The average system for measuring demand is to check the
consequences of changing fees on consumption. In behavioral reviews rate
is changed by means of various response necessities, and consumption
pertains to the number of reinforcers acquired. as a result, buying
projects that fluctuate response necessities in a progressive fashion
permit for the estimation of substance consumption at various costs.
Questionnaire models of deciding to buy tasks had been developed to
measure the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in smokers (MacKillop et
al., 2008) and alcohol in faculty drinkers (Murphy & MacKillop,
2006). results from these reports have shown an inverse relationship
between consumption and value and the cigarette buy project has been
shown to be a legitimate and low-budget system for assessing the
reinforcing price of nicotine (MacKillop et al., 2008).
The regular purpose of this examine become to
compare the reinforcing efficacy of snack meals using a laboratory
desktop based mostly measure of reinforcing efficacy (LAB) with a
questionnaire that measures reinforcer efficacy (QUES). One intention of
the study 200-309 changed into to validate the QUES by analyzing the
correspondence of the statistics generated by means of the QUES and LAB
project. moreover, we also desired to determine the relationship between
the QUES and LAB initiatives and a number of measures that can be
conceptually concerning meals reward, including the body Mass Index
(BMI), measures of calories consumed during the advert libitum consuming
session as well as ordinary power intake, and measures of starvation
and food liking.
1. formulation
1.1. individuals
Twenty 4 participants had been
studied, 12 overweight (physique mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 12
nonobese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) non-smoking adults between the a while of
18 and 50 (33.4 ± 11.1; imply ± SD). Seventeen percent of the
participants had been minorities, with an equal variety of nonobese and
obese male and female members. contributors were recruited from a pool
of topics who had achieved a analyze dopamine genotypes, meals
reinforcement and power consumption. contributors were excluded from the
original look at if they had been taking medications associated with
loss of urge for food, have been smokers, had diabetes, had in the past
been clinically determined with an ingesting disease or psychiatric
disorder (e.g. anxiousness, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity
disease), had been allergic to the parts in the look at foods, had been
currently dieting, and didn't expense at least a reasonable liking (≥4
on a 9 element Likert-class scale) for 5 out of the six examine foods.
individuals acquired a $15 gift certificates to local stores for
finishing the look at. The study 200-309 changed into authorised by
using the college at Buffalo health Sciences Institutional overview
Board. Participant traits are shown in .
Participant features.1.2. approaches
contributors visited the laboratory for
three sessions, an advert libitum snack-eating project, the meals
reinforcement task, and the reinforcing efficacy questionnaire. All
three experimental periods had been scheduled between the hours of two
PM and 5 PM, during a standard period that people would eat further
calories outdoor of time for supper. individuals were requested to
refrain from consuming food or ingesting beverages, other than water,
for at the least 3 h previous to the check session and to refrain from
ingesting the experimental meals in the 24 h ahead of the examine
session. Upon initial arrival at the laboratory, members read 200-309
and signed consent varieties, achieved a equal day and 24 h meals
recollect and starvation questionnaires. members then accomplished the
food purchase questionnaire. previous to the start of each and every
session contributors were offered with a preload of a Luna first light
Blueberry Bliss or Strawberry disintegrate Breakfast bar (Clif Bar &
business; Berkeley, CA, 42 g, a hundred and fifty kcal, four g fat, 23 g
carbohydrates, 7 g protein) to minimize the consequences of hunger on
power consumption and meals reinforcement. The inclusion of a standard
preload increases the capability to reveal particular person alterations
in food reinforcement (Reiss & Havercamp, 1996). Demographic
suggestions, peak and weight measurements and three dietary habits
questionnaires have been administered all over the advert libitum
consuming session.
1.2.1. advert libitum ingesting task
The advert libitum meals consumption
assignment turned into presented as a style verify. members were offered
200–309 kcal (42–60 g) servings of six palatable, high-power density
snack foods (amount of food presented (g) and energy density (kcal/g)
proven in parentheses): Wavy Lay's Potato Chips (57 g, 5.four); Cooler
Ranch Doritos (60 g, 5.0); M&M's (60 g, 5.0); Twix (forty eight g,
5.0); kit Kat (forty two g, 4.eight); and Butterfinger (57 g, four.5).
Water turned into offered ad libitum. individuals had been told that
they may consume as lots or as little of the meals that they wanted
provided that they tasted each and every meals in order that they may
precisely expense the meals's qualities. participants rated every food
on a few different qualities together with pleasurability, sweetness,
blandness, flavorfulness and bitterness the usage of 9-point
Likert-classification scales. individuals were then given ingesting
questionnaires to finished. food from the style test turned into left
within the room and contributors were advised that the meals could be
discarded after the session and they may continue eating if they choose
to do so. When contributors indicated that they were complete, they had
been asked to determine their favorite meals from among the many six
purchasable and instructed that this became the meals that would be used
in the food reinforcement and meals procuring examine sessions. as soon
as the questionnaires were achieved, individuals' top and weight
measurements had been taken and they got a reminder for the meals
reinforcement talk over with. This visit become scheduled 2–3 weeks
after the ad libitum eating session.
1.2.2. food reinforcement (LAB) task
The reinforcing value of meals was
measured through deciding upon the variety of responses participants
made for meals or meals options on innovative ratio schedules of
reinforcement. The experimental ambiance covered two desktop stations
that contributors might go from side to side between. At one station,
members may earn facets towards meals and on the other station they
might earn elements for time to spend study 200-309ing Time and Newsweek
magazines. This option recreation became provided to reduce the
likelihood that members would engage in responding out of boredom.
members had been urged on how to use the desktop task and given a
practice session. Following the directions for the assignment, the
experimenter left the room. An intercom and closed circuit video device
had been present within the room so the experimenter could observe the
participant and the participant could talk with the experimenter.
The reinforcement task is similar to a slot machine with
shapes that rotate on the display and some extent is earned each and
every time the three shapes healthy healthy and color. For every five
facets earned, the field turned into able to obtain a sixty seven–103
kcal (14–20 g) portion of his or her favorite snack food chosen during
the ad libitum consuming session or 2 min of time to spend read
200-309ing counting on which reward they were working for. The
programmed reinforcement schedules for meals and study 200-309ing had
been innovative mounted ratio schedules with response necessities of
four, eight, 16, 32, sixty four, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 and so on for
every point. members were steered to operate one undertaking at a time
(i.e. play the desktop online game, eat or read 200-309), and that the
session would conclusion once they not wished to earn facets for access
to food or time to spend analyzing. Water became supplied ad libitum.
The food reinforcement project generates an
basic response curve showing responding for food throughout the degrees
of reinforcement. The assignment also generates a total variety of
responses made for a reinforcer throughout all degrees of reinforcement
and became used to generate a breakpoint for responding, which turned
into described as the first reinforcement time table (i.e. 4, eight,
sixteen, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048) for which responding become
zero. The LAB Omax was described as the maximal amount of responses made
on the optimum reinforcement schedule accomplished and the LAB Pmax
changed into defined because the reinforcement agenda (i.e. 4, 8…2048)
at which expenditure become maximized.
1.2.three. meals deciding to buy questionnaire (QUES assignment)
The meals buying project was modified from
the cigarette buy task (CPT) (Bickel & Madden, 1999) and assessed a
number of distinctive metrics of relative reinforcing efficacy. The
procedure we used became modified to examine the relative reinforcing
efficacy of snack meals. The snack meals used within the task become a
67–103 kcal element (14–20 g) of the participant's favored snack meals
chosen throughout the ad libitum consuming session. The favourite food
became displayed in front of the participant all the way through the
task in order that they'd a body of reference when completing the
questionnaire. The educational set for the project changed into as
follows:
imagine a standard DAY all over which you consume snack
meals. here questions ask what number of portions of snack food you
possibly can eat if they charge numerous amounts of cash. The accessible
snack food is _______________ (favored snack food). anticipate you have
got the same profits/savings that you've got now and NO access to any
snack food aside from the snack food offered at these prices. in
addition, count on that you would consume the snack meals that you just
request on that day; it is you can't shop or stockpile snack meals for a
later date. Please respond to the questions honestly. participants had
been then asked to reply to here question: how many portions of
___________ (favorite snack food) would you eat if they have been ____
every at the following 19 expenditures?: Zero (free), $0.01, $0.05,
$0.13, $0.25, $0.50, $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $11, $35, $70, $a hundred
and forty, $280, $560, $1120. The expenses have been presented in
ascending order.
The QUES project used during this look at
generates a food demand curve, reflecting the quantitative relationship
between demand for food and escalating expense, and generated five QUES
indices: (a) breakpoint (i.e. the primary cost at which consumption
become zero), (b) depth of demand (i.e. consumption at the lowest fee),
(c) elasticity of demand (i.e. sensitivity of snack meals consumption to
increases in can charge), (d) QUES Omax (i.e. optimum expenditure for
snack meals) and (e) QUES Pmax (i.e. price at which expenditure become
maximized). particular person demand elasticities have been obtained the
usage of combined results Regression models (MRM) which enable for
regression analyses to check predictors of repeated based measures
(Hedeker & Gibbons, 2006). in the fashions to estimate particular
person elasticity coefficients, the intercept turned into considered a
random variable and value become regarded a set impact. Log values of
both the purchases and costs have been used in the model.
1.3. measurement
1.three.1. Dietary remembers
at the start of each session,
participants have been interviewed by way of the experimenter, using a
multi pass same day and 24 h meals recall, to examine adherence to the
analyze protocol that that they had no longer consumed food or drink
(apart from water) 3 h previous to the appointment and that they'd not
eaten the favorite snack food in the 24 h ahead of the appointment.
briefly, the first flow covered making a quick, uninterrupted listing of
all of the foods and beverages consumed. For the 2d circulate, the
experimenter reviewed the brief record and probed for any huge gaps of
time between ingesting bouts. For the third pass, the experimenter
returned to the starting of the checklist and requested for element
sizes in addition to any condiments, introduced fats and added sugars
that might also have been delivered to the meals item. The last
circulate turned into to prompt the participant to recall some other
meals that they may have forgotten, equivalent to meals that were eaten
in small amounts. Measuring cups and spoons, rulers and footage of parts
of meals had been supplied to assist the members estimate portion
sizes. the whole variety of calories consumed was calculated for the
remember in accordance with producers' labels and the meals Works
foodstuff database (foodstuff business, 2007). typical energy intake
changed into calculated based on a three-day regular of the 24 h dietary
recalls collected the day ahead of the trying out days.
1.3.2. Demographics
The Hollingshead (Hollingshead, 1975)
demographics questionnaire was used to verify socioeconomic status on
the groundwork of training level, revenue, occupation and race. highest
schooling attained become scored as 1 = less then 7th grade, 2 = Jr.
high (ninth grade), three = some high college (tenth–11th grade), four =
high college, 5 = some faculty or vocational training, 6 = accomplished
2 12 months school degree, 7 = accomplished four year college diploma,
eight = accomplished graduate degree.
1.three.three. peak and weight
The participant's weight and top have
been measured using a digital scale (TANITA agency of the united states
Inc, Arlington Heights, IL) and a digital stadiometer (size concepts
& short clinical, North Bend, WA). On the basis of top and weight
statistics, physique mass index (BMI) became calculated in accordance
with right here formulation: BMI = kg/m2. people had been considered
overweight if their BMI changed into at least 30 kg/m2 and nonobese if
their BMI become less than 30 kg/m2 (NHLBI obesity education Initiative
expert Panel, 1998).
1.3.four. consuming questionnaires
participants completed the Three
aspect consuming Questionnaire (TFEQ) (Stunkard & Messick, 1985),
the Questionnaire of eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP) (Spitzer et al.,
1992), and the Binge eating Scale (BES) (Gormally, Black, Daston, &
Rardin, 1982). The TFEQ is a validated instrument to notice dietary
restraint (Allison, Kalinsky, & Gorman, 1992) with three subscales
that investigate dietary restraint, hunger and disinhibition. The QEWP
and BES are used to determine binge eating disorder. contributors have
been identified as potentially having binge ingesting ailment in the
event that they scored greater than 27 on the BES or had been indicated
as having the sickness through the QEWP. Any participant identified as
potentially having binge consuming sickness became required to
comprehensive the consuming issues Examination (Bryant-Waugh, Cooper,
Taylor, & Lask, 1996), administered via a trained personnel in an
extra session. No contributors during this subsample met the criteria
for binge eating ailment.
1.3.5. food liking, hunger
Subjective scores of hunger had been
accumulated pre and post intake of the preload and after all three
examine sessions using a ten-point Likert-class scale. food hedonics was
additionally measured pre and publish consumption of the preload and
after the session for the meals reinforcement session as well as all the
way through the meals paying for questionnaire. For starvation, 1
indicated no longer at all hungry/now not in any respect full and 10
indicated extraordinarily hungry/extremely full, while for hedonics 1
indicated now not liking in any respect and 10 indicated liking very
tons.
1.4. Analytic plan
Pearson product–moment correlations
were used to evaluate efficiency on the meals reinforcement LAB project
to the food procuring QUES questionnaire, as smartly as the
relationships between BMI, laboratory and commonplace energy consumption
and starvation and liking. All analyses have been conducted using
SYSTAT 11.0 (Systat software, 2004).
2. consequences
Participant features are proven in . As
shown in , meals consumption exhibited a decelerating fashion according
to cost raises and response output conformed to an inverted U-fashioned
characteristic. The amount of money spent on purchases increased up to a
price of $1.20, and the volume then regularly lowered unless no
purchases had been made when the rate handed $5.00 per element ().
indicates the enhance in responding over trials as the behavioral
necessities to achieve meals multiplied. All topics were willing to make
enough responses to finished the FR16 time table to obtain food, as
shown through the absence of deviation. particular person ameliorations
started on the FR32 schedule, and changes persisted up to the FR1024
schedule. No area replied at the FR2048 agenda. suggests the features
of responding on the questionnaire QUES project. The commonplace
personal-price or demand elasticity changed into −0.27. The terrible
relationship suggests that as fee increases, purchases lessen. the
pliability coefficient suggests a discount in procuring of the snack
foods of two.7% for a ten% enhance in expense.
food demand within the questionnaire meals buying project. everyday
log–log coordinates are used for portionality, with zero values replaced
with trivial nonzero values for the functions of plotting on a
logarithmic scale.Expenditure for snack foods in the questionnaire meals paying for project. typical log–log coordinates are used for portionality, with zero values changed with trivial nonzero values for the purposes of plotting on a logarithmic scale.
Responding for snack foods (imply ± SEM) across fastened ratio schedules of reinforcement.
capability and regular errors for the relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE) and relative reinforcing cost of food (LAB) initiatives.
As shown in , all QUES measures have been enormously
correlated with one an extra, with the maximum correlations being
between QUES Pmax and QUES Breakpoint which approached a correlation of
1.0, consistent with previous studies (Bickel & Madden, 1999;
Johnson & Bickel, 2006). furthermore, there have been high
correlations between measures on the LAB assignment. The univariate
correlations between the QUES Omax and LAB Omax and LAB Pmax were both
0.forty five (p = 0.03) and the univariate correlation between the QUES
Omax and the LAB number of total responses over all reinforcement
schedules changed into 0.forty four (p = 0.03). moreover, QUES
elasticity of demand become significantly correlated with LAB breakpoint
(r = −0.45, p < 0.05) and with the LAB Omax, Pmax and total
responses (r = −0.forty seven, p < 0.05).
Correlations among relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE) and relative reinforcing cost of meals (LAB) tasks.
indicates correlations of the QUES and LAB
indices with variables conceptually involving ingesting and weight
problems. BMI become correlated with each the LAB Omax (r = 0.52, p =
0.009) and the QUES Omax (r = 0.43, p = 0.04). There changed into also a
big correlation between the LAB complete number of responses made on
the food reinforcement project and BMI (r = 0.fifty one, p = 0.01), as
smartly because the demand elasticity for the QUES project and all the
LAB measures except for the breakpoint. Laboratory energy intake
correlated with the entire LAB measures, and elasticity for the QUES
measures. general power consumption turned into additionally correlated
with all of the LAB measures, however none of the QUES measures. food
liking become additionally regarding all the LAB measures, however not
one of the QUES measures. Dietary restraint become concerning the demand
elasticity for the QUES project (r = 0.47, p = 0.02), however none of
the LAB measures; besides the fact that children, dietary hunger changed
into involving all the LAB measures, but not one of the QUES measures.
educational level turned into no longer involving any of the QUES or LAB
measures.
Correlations amongst relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE), relative
reinforcing price of food (LAB) and BMI and measures or eating.3. discussion
in the present analyze, we in comparison
efficiency on a questionnaire approach to measuring reinforcer efficacy
with performance on a standard progressive ratio behavioral alternative
relative reinforcing value paradigm. effects confirmed that performance
on the questionnaire QUES assignment become tremendously positively
associated with performance on the LAB laboratory measure. The QUES Omax
and the elasticity of the demand curve generated from the QUES task
confirmed advantageous associations with the LAB Omax and the LAB Pmax
and the full responses remodeled all schedules of reinforcement. not one
of the different QUES indices (e.g. Pmax, Breakpoint, and so on.) had
been significantly correlated with performance on the laptop primarily
based measure.
We additionally sought to validate the QUES project used
during this look at as a time and cost effective measure of the
reinforcing efficacy of snack foods, producing effects that converge
with outdated reports the usage of procuring projects (MacKillop et al.,
2008; Murphy & MacKillop, 2006). The effects from the QUES
assignment had been topographically in line with what is usually
followed in laboratory food paying for studies (Epstein, Dearing,
Paluch, Roemmich, & Cho, 2007; Epstein et al., 2006). The measure
confirmed some convergent validity with the Omax and the pliancy of the
demand curve being particularly correlated with BMI and the elasticity
of the demand curve being totally correlated with the total energy
consumed all the way through the laboratory session. there were
inconsistent relationships between dietary restraint or starvation as
measured by way of the TFEQ (Stunkard & Messick, 1985) and the
questionnaire and laboratory initiatives, with elasticity on the
questionnaire related to dietary restraint, and hunger regarding all
elements of laboratory responding.
in addition, we also examined the connection between
distinct aspects of reinforcement generated by the QUES project. there
were giant correlations between the distinct measures of RRE, with most
measures being enormously correlated with one one other. The highest
correlations had been between the Pmax observed and the breakpoint which
approached collinearity, in line with old stories (Bickel & Madden,
1999; Johnson & Bickel, 2006).
whereas there have been similarities in the values derived
from the two measures, there may be critical alterations in how the
measures are concerning power consumed within the laboratory or
commonplace power consumption or food liking. both the QUES and LAB
initiatives showed relationships with energy consumption within the
laboratory, however most effective the LAB project changed into strongly
related to standard energy consumption or food liking. One knowledge to
using paper and pencil primarily based measures of food reinforcement
is that it's time and value productive and allows researchers to examine
the reinforcing efficacy of multiple reinforcers in a single check
session. historically, reinforcing efficacy may also be measured with
both absolute or relative reinforcing value depending on even if only
one or diverse options can be found. The sample of responding in single
versus concurrent schedules of reinforcement may well be the identical,
such that a food that is very reinforcing in a single paradigm is
additionally very reinforcing within the different paradigm (Bickel et
al., 2000). The QUES assignment used during this study 200-309 simplest
supplied contributors with one reinforcer alternative, and responding
may additionally have been distinct if there had been an option
reinforcer to snack foods current equivalent to one more meals or a
sedentary activity. The QUES project additionally presented hypothetical
paying for choices, as subjects did not truly purchase and consume
meals. in all probability most important, the QUES project may also be
used to generate demand elasticity curves, which may well be a favorite
approach to verify reinforcing efficacy (Bickel et al., 2000; Johnson
& Bickel, 2006). Laboratory behavioral alternative measures to
verify reinforcing efficacy assess the sample of responding to
progressive ratio schedules, but require assessment of responding at
every schedule in separate sessions, which makes determination of
individual adjustments in the reinforcing efficacy of food difficult.
an extra formula that has been used to establish the
reinforcing cost or efficacy of food is the use of experimental analog
paying for projects in which the price of 1 commodity is manipulated and
the price of an extra commodity is held consistent. studies in our
laboratory have seemed at the utility of using behavioral analogs of
food paying for to clarify procuring habits which as a result influences
consumption. we've proven in a collection of reports that because the
fee of a specific meals raises consumption of that meals will decrease
and vice versa (Epstein, Dearing et al., 2007; Epstein et al., 2006).
These studies had been used to set up demand curves and can be used to
examine the own and move expense elasticity for distinctive commodities.
Future analysis evaluating efficiency on traditional progressive
schedules of reinforcement with analog purchasing initiatives might also
yield a further choice formula for setting up the reinforcing price of
foods. A food it is tremendously reinforcing may additionally also
reveal better degrees of cost inelasticity when measured the use of an
analog deciding to buy assignment.
There are several barriers to the study 200-309. as an
example, the sample dimension changed into small, and we did request
that contributors now not devour the experimental meals for the day
earlier than the look at various session. This might also have affected
their commonplace energy consumption on the day in advance of checking
out and therefore relationships with normal power intake measured right
through the 3 days prior to coming to the laboratory should still be
interpreted with warning.
The findings from the current study 200-309
imply that in some situations, questionnaire versions of reinforcing
efficacy that set up demand curves, in addition to proposing ordinary
measures of responding in keeping with innovative raises in response
necessities (charge), can also be utilized in place of or in conjunction
with laptop based paradigms to establish the behavioral retaining
properties of meals. possibly the most appropriate use of the
questionnaire is as a screening device to get a concept of potential
reinforcers that would be then established using the laboratory
behavioral choice paradigm. further analysis is needed to compare to
other deciding to buy projects that will also be used to establish
demand elasticity, in addition to no matter if demand curves are extra
strongly concerning obesity than other measures of reinforcing efficacy.
within the current analyze the maximal responding to revolutionary
ratio schedules (Omax) turned into a bit of more involving BMI and
laboratory energy intake than the food purchasing elasticity, which
warrants greater research to replicate this finding, and establish even
if demand curves can be used to predict who will respond to behavioral
obesity interventions, no matter if the assignment may also be used with
toddlers, with various kinds of food, and whether particular person
changes in elasticity of demand predicts the building of weight problems
in prospective studies.
Acknowledgments
function of funding source: this article become funded through NIH supply DA024883 awarded to Dr. Leonard H. Epstein.
Footnotes
Contributors: Dr. Epstein got
funding for the analyze, and designed, analyzed and interpreted
statistics, and supervised writing of the manuscript. Ms. Dearing
assisted with the design, analysis, interpretation and writing of the
manuscript, while Ms. Roba assisted in the information assortment and
writing of the manuscript.
conflict of interest: The authors don't have any conflict of hobby. Dr. Epstein is a expert to Kraft meals.
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